interested in philosophy and the humanities. The opening of the work sets a profound tone as Valéry reflects on the mortality of civilizations, likening modern Europe to extinct cultures such as Elam and Babylon. He expresses a sense of urgency about the current intellectual crisis, illustrated by the sudden and chaotic resurgence of various ideologies, dogmas, and philosophies in the wake of the war. As he examines the interplay between knowledge and morality, Valéry raises questions about the future of culture and the intellectual struggles faced by individuals in a rapidly changing world. The opening establishes a context of anxiety and introspection, inviting readers to consider the weight of history and the path forward for human understanding. (This is an automatically generated summary.)